CCH, resulting from multiple cerebrovascular diseases, has been considered the primary cause of cognitive impairment in recent years. In this process, oxidative stress plays a critical role and damages hippocampal neurons. Research has shown that Salvia verticillata has a significant antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity due to its polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Salvia verticillata on a rat model of Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. A total of 24 rats were subjected to Salvia verticillata or vehicle orally from one week before 2VO surgery for 14 days. cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (2VO, n = 12 and sham, n = 12). The cognition of rats was evaluated 1 week after surgery in the MWM. In the MWM test, 2VO rats showed longer escape latency time and swimming distance and spent a shorter time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed that Salvia verticillata treatment significantly reduced escape latency time, shortened the swimming distance, and increased target quadrant time (p > 0.05). Our results indicated that Salvia verticillata treatment significantly improved cognitive deficits in cerebral ischemic rats, probably by reducing oxidative stress damage.

Objective: The present study investigated the effect of standardized Centella asiatica extract on cognition and hippocampal pathology of mild Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) that was induced by permanent right common carotid artery occlusion (RCO) in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups of Sham-veh, Sham-C. asiatica, RCO-veh and RCO-C. asiatica, which were further divided into short-term and long-term CCH induction. Oral treatments with 20 mg/kg C. asiatica initiated 24 hours and 12 months after CCH and continued for 14 consecutive days. According to the cognition and histopathological evaluation period, the experiment was divided into 2 sets of either 2 or 12 months of CCH. Results: Results showed that 2-month CCH induced learning flexibility deficit associated with CA1 neuronal damage and internal capsule (IC) astroglia activation. Long-lasting (12 months) mild CCH induced spatial learning, memory and flexibility deficits associated with progressive dorsal hippocampal damage. Treatment with 20 mg/kg of C. asiatica improved learning flexibility deficit after 2 and 12 months of CCH. C. asiatica ameliorated neuronal damage in the dorsal hippocampus at 2 months of CCH when given 24 hours after CCH onset. Treatment with C. asiatica after 12 months of cerebral blood flow reduction improved memory and learning flexibility deficits and was associated with the dentate gyrus neuronal damage reduction. Conclusion: Our finding indicates the therapeutic potential of C. asiatica either when given immediately after ischemic insult or when administered one year after ischemic insult, in a CCH rat model.

Background and Objective: Stroke and Chronic cerebral hypoperfiusion (CCH) is one of the most common problems following ageing. Using the suitable treatment has been one of the issues in treating these complications. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of citicoline on memory and neuronal survival in CCH rats.Materials and Methods: 40 rats were divided into four groups (n=10) including: 1) Control, Rats that received vehicle after sham surgery 2) Citicoline: Rats that received citicoline after sham surgery 3) hypoperfusion: which underwent CCH surgery and received vehicle and 4) hypoperfusion+Citicoline group, which underwent CCH surgery and then received citicoline.for 10 days  (100 mg/kg). Morris water maze (MWM) and Nissl staining were used to evaluate spatial memory and hippocampal neuronal density in rats, respectively. For data analyzing, two-way ANOVA (for trial test of MWM) and one-way ANOVA (for the other data) were used.Results: The results of the Morris water maze test showed that citicoline treatment increases the time spent in the target zone in hypoperfused rats (P<0.05). Histological studies (Nissl staining) showed that treatment with citicoline increases the number of hippocampal neurons in the CA1 region in CCH rats (P<0.05).Conclusion: Citicoline treatment improves spatial memory and hippocampal neurodegeneration in CCH rats.

Introduction: Cognitive decline induced by Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is the most common problem during ageing. Most of the synthetic drugs used for cognitive impairment have undesirable side effects in patients. Therefore, in the current research, the effects of Dracocephalum multicaule on cognitive impairment and hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by CCH were investigated. Methods: CCH or sham surgical procedure was carried out in male Wistar rats. After three weeks, the animals were randomly assigned to D. multicaule extract or vehicle administration for 15 days. CCH induction was carried out by the bilateral occlusion of the common carotids. Morris water maze (MWM) and Nissl staining were used to evaluate cognitive function and hippocampal neuron density in rats, respectively. Results: Dracocephalum multicaule administration increased the time spent in the target quadrant in CCH rats during the MWM test (P<0. 05). D. multicaule improved hippocampal neuronal cell density in CCH animals (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Dracocephalum multicaule can improve spatial memory and hippocampal neuronal injury caused by CCH.